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Enabling PCI Passthrough
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   01. Log into ProxMox VE either via SSH or the web based shell
   02. Run the following commands
         # edit grub configuration to enable IOMMU
         nano /etc/default/grub
   03. Press CTRL+W and search for GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=
   04. Add the following value to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT      
      a. If running an Intel CPU, intel_iommu=on
         GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet intel_iommu=on"
      b. If running an AMD CPU, amd_iommu=on
         GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet amd_iommu=on"      
   07. Press CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X to write the changes
   08. Continue with the following commands
         # update grub with config change
         update-grub
         # add vfio modules
         nano /etc/modules
   09. Add the following to the bottom of the file
         vfio
         vfio_iommu_type1
         vfio_pci
         vfio_virqfd
   10. Press CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X to write the changes
   11. Continue with the following commands
         # IOMMU interrupt mapping
         echo "options vfio_iommu_type1 allow_unsafe_interrupts=1" ≫ /etc/modprobe.d/iommu_unsafe_interrupts.conf
         echo "options kvm ignore_msrs=1" ≫ /etc/modprobe.d/kvm.conf
         # blacklist drivers
         echo "blacklist radeon" ≫≫ /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
         echo "blacklist nouveau" ≫≫ /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
         echo "blacklist nvidia" ≫≫ /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
         # list pci devices
         lspci -v
   12. Scroll through the output and find the GPU (usually a video and audio device associated with it) and make note of the device identifier (ex 01:00.0, 01:00.1)
   13. Continue with the following commands
         # output the vendor ID(s) of the devices
         # replace the device identifier (01:00) as needed
         lspci -n -s 01:00
   14. Make note of the vendor ID(s) output in the format abcd:1234
   15. Continue with the following commands
         # replace the vendor ids from the output of the previous step as needed
         echo "options vfio-pci ids=1002:6611,1002:aab0 disable_vga=1"≫ /etc/modprobe.d/vfio.conf
         # update initramfs
         update-initramfs -u
         # reboot proxmox host
         reboot now
 
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Passing GPU to A VM
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   01. Log into the ProxMox web UI
   02. Expand the target node and select the target VM from the left navigation menu
   03. Select Hardware from the left sub-navigation menu
   04. Click Add ≫ PCI Device
   05. Select the GPU from the listing
      NOTE: I have found that there is some trial and error required to get the GPU to work properly depending on the guest operating system. If you find that the GPU isn't working with all options checked, stop the VM, and edit the PCI hardware, unchecking one option at a time to see if you can find a working combination
   06. Select Display ≫ Set the dropdown to none (none) ≫ Click OK
   07. If you intend to use the VM at the console (not via RDP or VNC), you will need to passthrough a USB keyboard and mouse by clicking Add ≫ USB Device ≫ Select the USB device(s) or port(s) to pass to the VM
   08. Click Start at the top right of the page
   09. Watch the output of the GPU on an external display
      If there is no output from the GPU, stop the VM and adjust the PCI hardware options as noted above
   10. Once the VM has booted and is outputting to the GPU, install drivers for the GPU as necessary